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Lead & Wildlife Bibliography (PDF file ~41kb)

Bibliography

(2001). Report to the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission: the use of nontoxic shot for
hunting in Washington, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Nontoxic Shot Working
Group.

Anderson, W. L. (1975). "Lead poisoning in waterfowl at Rice Lake, Illinois." Journal of Wildlife
Management 39(2): 264-270.

Artmann, J. W. and E. M. Martin (1975). "Incidence of ingested lead shot in Sora rails." Journal
of Wildlife Management 39(3): 514-519.

Buerger, T. T., R. E. Mirarchi, et al. (1986). "Effects of lead shot ingestion on captive Mourning
Dove survivability and reproduction." Journal of Wildlife Management 50(1): 1-8.

Castrale, J. S. (1989). "Availability of spent lead shot in fields managed for Mourning Dove
hunting." Wildlife Society Bulletin 17(2): 184-189.

Cochrane, R. L. (1976). "Crippling effects of lead, steel and copper shot on experimental
Mallards." Wildlife Monographs 40(4).

Craig, T. H., J. W. Connelly, et al. (1990). "Lead concentrations in Golden and Bald Eagles."
Wilson Bulletin 102(1): 130-133.

Finley, M. T. and M. P. Dieter (1978). "Toxicity of experimental lead-iron shot versus commercial
lead shot in Mallards." Journal of Wildlife Management 42(1): 32-39.

Fredrickson, L. H., T. S. Baskett, et al. (1977). "Evaluating cultivation near duck blinds to reduce
lead poisoning hazard." Journal of Wildlife Management 41(4): 624-631.

Frenzel, R. W. (1985). Environmental contaminants and ecology of Bald Eagles in southcentral
Oregon. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University: 143.

Fry, D. M. (2003). Assessment of Lead Contamination Sources Exposing California Condors.
California Department of Fish and Game.

Gjerstad, K. O. and I. Hanssen (1984). "Experimental lead poisoning in Willow Ptarmigan."
Journal of Wildlife Management 48(3): 1018-1022.

Grandy, J. W., IV, L. N. Locke, et al. (1968). "Relative toxicity of lead and five proposed
substitute shot types to pen-reared Mallards." Journal of Wildlife Management 32(3): 483-488.

Harmata, A. R. (1990). Dynamics of migration, heavy metal contamination, incidence of
hematological parasites, and effects of local agricultural practices on eagles in west-central
Montana. Bozeman, MT, Montana State University.

Harmata, A. R. (1993). Heavy metal and pesticide contamination of Bald and Golden Eagles in
the western United States. Bozeman, MT, Montana State University.

Havera, S. P., W. L. Anderson, et al. (1989). "Use of blood from dead Mallards to monitor lead
poisoning." Wildlife Society Bulletin 17(3): 241-244.

Hebert, C. E., V. L. Wright, et al. (1984). "Hunter performance using steel and lead loads for
hunting ducks in coastal Louisiana." Journal of Wildlife Management 48(2): 388-398.

Kimball, W. H. and Z. A. Munir (1971). "The corrosion of lead shot in a simulated waterfowl
gizzard." Journal of Wildlife Management 35(2): 360-365.

Kramer, J. L. and P. T. Redig (1997). "Sixteen years of lead poisoning in eagles, 1980-1995: an
epizootiologic view." Journal of Raptor Research 31(4): 327-332.

Lewis, J. C. and E. Legler, Jr. (1968). "Lead shot ingestion by Mourning Doves and incidence in
soil." Journal of Wildlife Management 32(3): 476-482.

Meretsky, V. J., N. F. R. Snyder, et al. (2000). "Demography of the California Condor:
implications for reestablishment." Conservation Biology 14(4): 957-967.

Miller, M. J. R., M. Restani, et al. (1998). "A comparison of blood lead levels in Bald Eagles from
two regions on the Great Plains of North America." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34(4): 704-714.

Miller, M. J. R., M. E. Wayland, et al. (2000). "Availability and ingestion of lead shotshell pellets
by migrant Bald Eagles in Saskatchewan." Journal of Raptor Research 34(3): 167-174.

Miller, M. J. R., M. E. Wayland, et al. (2001). "Exposure of migrant Bald Eagles to lead in prairie
Canada." Environmental Pollution 112: 153-162.

Nicklaus, R. H. (1976). "Effects of lead and steel shot on shooting of flighted Mallards." Wildlife
Monographs 40(4): 22-29.

Pain, D. J., J. Sears, et al. (1995). "Lead concentrations in birds of prey in Britain."
Environmental Pollution 87: 173-180.

Pattee, O. H., M. R. Fuller, et al. (1985). "Environmental countaminants in eastern Cooper's
Hawk eggs." Journal of Wildlife Management 49(4): 1040-1044.

Pattee, O. H., S. N. Wiemeyer, et al. (1981). "Experimental lead-shot poisoning in Bald Eagles."
Journal of Wildlife Management 45(3): 806-810.

Perry, M. C. and J. W. Artmann (1979). "Incidence of embedded and ingested shot in oiled
Ruddy Ducks." Journal of Wildlife Management 43(1): 266-269.

Perry, M. C. and P. H. Geissler (1980). "Incidence of embedded shot in Canvasbacks." Journal
of Wildlife Management 44(4): 888-894.

Risebrough, R. W. (2001). "Absence of demonstrable toxicity to Turkey Vultures, Cathartes aura,
of copper and tungsten-tin-bismuth-composite pellets." Berkeley, CA, The Bodega Bay Institute.

Samuel, M. D. and E. F. Bowers (2000). "Lead exposure in American Black Ducks after
implementation of non-toxic shot." Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4): 947-953.

Scales, L. (2001). Regulation of lead-based ammuntion and fishing sinkers in the environment.
Wildlife Law Seminar. SLC, UT, University of Utah: 44.

Scheuhammer, A. M. (1989). "Monitoring wild bird populations for lead exposure." Journal of
Wildlife Management 53(3): 759-765.

Scheuhammer, A. M. (1987). "The chronic toxicity of aluminium, cadmium, mercury, and lead in
birds: a review." Environmental Pollution 46: 263-295.

Scheuhammer, A. M. and S. L. Norris (1995). A review of the environmental impacts of lead
shotshell ammunition and lead fishing weights in Canada. Ottowa, Ontario, Canadian Wildlife
Service.

Scheuhammer, A. M. and S. L. Norris (1996). "The ecotoxicology of lead shot and lead fishing
weights." Ecotoxicology 5: 279-295.

Scheuhammer, A. M., C. A. Rogers, et al. (1999). "Elevated lead exposure in American
Woodcock (Scolopax minor) in eastern Canada." Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 36: 334-340.

Schwab, F. E. and R. W. Daury (1989). "Incidence of ingested lead shot in Nova Scotia
waterfowl." Wildlife Society Bulletin 17(3): 237-240.

Simpson, S. G. (1989). "Compliance by waterfowl hunters with nontoxic shot regulations in
central South Dakota." Wildlife Society Bulletin 17(3): 245-248.

Stendell, R. C. (1980). "Dietary exposure of kestrels to lead." Journal of Wildlife Management
44(2): 527-530.

Szymczak, M. R. and W. J. Adrian (1978). "Lead poisoning in Canada Geese in southeast
Colorado." Journal of Wildlife Management 42(2): 299-306.

Thompson, J. D., B. J. Sheffer, et al. (1989). "Incidence of ingested shot in waterfowl harvested
in Yucatan, Mexico." Wildlife Society Bulletin 17(2): 189-191.

Vyas, N. B., J. W. Spann, et al. (2000). "Lead poisoning of passerines at a trap and skeet
range." Environmental Pollution 107: 159-166.

Wayland, M. and T. Bollinger (1999). "Lead exposure and poisoning in Bald Eagles and Golden
Eagles in the Canadian prairie provinces." Environmental Pollution 104: 341-350.

Wayland, M., E. Neugebauer, et al. (1999). "Concentrations of lead in liver, kidney, and bone of
Bald and Golden Eagles." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37: 267-
272.

White, D. H. and R. C. Stendell (1977). "Waterfowl exposure to lead and steel shot on selected
hunting areas." Journal of Wildlife Management 41(3): 469-475.

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